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Scientists show how to erase information without using energy
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However, Vaccaro and Barnett have shown that an energy cost can be fully avoided by using a reservoir based on something other than energy, such as spin angular momentum. Subatomic particles have spin angular momentum, a quantity that, like energy, must be conserved. Basically, instead of heat being exchanged between a qubit and thermal reservoir, discrete quanta of angular momentum are exchanged between a qubit and spin reservoir. The scientists described how repeated logic operations between the qubit’s spin and a secondary spin in the zero state eventually result in both spins reaching the logical zero state. Most importantly, the scientists showed that the cost of erasing the qubit’s memory is given in terms of the quantity defining the logic states, which in this case is spin angular momentum and not energy.
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The results could also apply to hypothetical Carnot heat engines, which operate at maximum efficiency. If these engines use angular momentum reservoirs instead of thermal reservoirs, they could generate angular momentum effort instead of mechanical work.
- We are saying that the reason it is physical has a broader context than that.”
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2012年5月30日星期三
SocialPipeline 05/30/2012 (p.m.)
2012年5月29日星期二
2012年5月28日星期一
SocialPipeline 05/28/2012 (p.m.)
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The Science Behind Foldit | Foldit
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What are amino acids? Amino acids are small molecules made up of atoms of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrogen. To make a protein, the amino acids are joined in an unbranched chain, like a line of people holding hands. Just as the line of people has their legs and feet "hanging" off the chain, each amino acid has a small group of atoms (called a sidechain) sticking off the main chain (backbone) that connects them all together. There are 20 different kinds of amino acids, which differ from one another based on what atoms are in their sidechains. These 20 amino acids fall into different groups based on their chemical properties: acidic or alkaline, hydrophilic (water-loving) or hydrophobic (greasy).
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- Amylase starts the process of breaking down starch from food into forms the body can use.
- Alcohol dehydrogenase transforms alcohol from beer/wine/liquor into a non-toxic form that the body uses for food.
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen in our blood.
- Fibrin forms a scab to protect cuts as they heal.
- Collagen gives structure and support to our skin, tendons, and even bones.
- Actin is one of the major proteins in our muscles.
- Growth hormone helps regulate the growth of children into adults.
- Potassium channels help send signals through the brain and other nerve cells.
- Insulin regulates the amount of sugar in the blood and is used to treat diabetes.
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2012年5月27日星期日
SocialPipeline 05/27/2012 (p.m.)
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Reversible computing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Reversible computing is a model of computing where the computational process to some extent is reversible, i.e., time-invertible. A necessary condition for reversibility of a computational model is that the relation of the mapping states of transition functions to their successors should at all times be one-to-one. Reversible computing is generally considered an unconventional form of computing.
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Landauer's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Landauer's Principle describes the Landauer limit, which is the minimum possible amount of energy required to change one bit of information, as follows:
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Entropy (information theory) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- In fact, in the view of Jaynes (1957), thermodynamic entropy, as explained by statistical mechanics, should be seen as an application of Shannon's information theory: the thermodynamic entropy is interpreted as being proportional to the amount of further Shannon information needed to define the detailed microscopic state of the system, that remains uncommunicated by a description solely in terms of the macroscopic variables of classical thermodynamics, with the constant of proportionality being just the Boltzmann constant.
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Savant syndrome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Savantism is a rare condition in which people with 'developmental delays' of the brain (notably autism spectrum), and/or brain injury, demonstrate profound and prodigious capacities and/or abilities far in excess of those considered normal.
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2012年5月25日星期五
SocialPipeline 05/25/2012 (p.m.)
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"南中国海的力量展示" | 媒体看中国 | DW.DE | 25.05.2012
- 专门从事冲突分析的国际危机组织（International Crisis Group）在其最新报告中证实，中国之所以在对待南中国海问题上没有统一的战略，是因为有太多的带着自己利益的部门参与，而且常常外交经验不足。郭伯雄任副职的军委比部委都更有权利，可以随时颠覆外交努力。"
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2012年5月23日星期三
2012年5月20日星期日
2012年5月18日星期五
SocialPipeline 05/19/2012 (a.m.)
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Single protein controls neurotransmitters | KurzweilAI
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In the study, the investigators also suggest how the widely used pain drug Lyrica might work. The alpha 2 delta protein is the target of this drug and the new work suggests an approach to how other drugs could be developed that effectively turn particular neurotransmitter signals on and off to treat neurological disorders.
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2012年5月17日星期四
SocialPipeline 05/18/2012 (a.m.)
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中科院《中国人营养指南》一个错误严重的指南_哈佛宁博士_新浪博客
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这个饮食指南明确提到：“中国人每天的参考食谱是：六两粮食四两肉，六两蔬菜一两油，一两鸡蛋二两鱼，半斤水果一斤奶。根据家庭结构特点，不同家庭的食谱可以有所调整。中国人均每天营养标准的参考值是：营养供应3300大卡，其中，植物营养2300大卡、动物营养1000大卡，动物营养占30%；蛋白质100 克、脂肪150克；粮食300克、蔬菜300克、水果250克、植物油50克；肉食200克、奶类500克、鱼类100克、蛋类50克”。如果按照这样的指南进行饮食，依照此营养指南饮食，中国肥胖人口五年内可以增加100%，糖尿病、心血管病、高血压、高血脂可以增加50%以上。 -
2）我建议：两杯奶大约350克-400克已经不少了（国内外都有争议，我认为如此）。
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2012年5月16日星期三
SocialPipeline 05/17/2012 (a.m.)
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Open access - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Open access comes in two degrees: Gratis OA is no-cost online access, while Libre OA is Gratis OA plus some additional usage rights.[2]
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SocialPipeline 05/16/2012 (p.m.)
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BBC中文网 - 国际新闻 - 法拉利车祸和新加坡人的排外情绪
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新加坡近年来的外国移民人数激增，目前已经占全国劳动人口的三分之一左右，当局为此面对公众越来越大的不满，去年大选时执政党的支持率跌至1965年独立以来最低。
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- Three principal causes of unhappiness -- the sinner, the narcissist, and the meglomaniac. Sinner is always victim of his own disapproval. Narcissist is self absorbed and is incapable of meaningful relationships like women whose only interest is in getting men to love them and then lose interest. Meglomaniac wishes to be powerful rather than charming
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Fiber Facts, Types, Function, Benefits, Dietary Requirements on MedicineNet.com
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Fiber is defined as material made by plants that is not digested by the human gastrointestinal tract. Fiber is one of the mainstays in the treatment of constipationthough it also may have additional uses such as the treatment of diverticular disease of the colon. Many types of fiber bind to water and keep the water within the intestine. The fiber and water adds bulk (volume) to the stool, and the water softens the stool. Increased gas (flatulence)is a common side effect of high-fiber diets. The gas occurs because bacteria within the colon, unlike the intestine of humans, are capable of digesting fiber to a small extent. The bacteria produce gas as a by-product of their digestion of fiber.
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2012年5月9日星期三
2012年5月7日星期一
2012年5月4日星期五
SocialPipeline 05/05/2012 (a.m.)
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与这些偶发事件相伴的，还有某种凭借教育与流行文化广泛传播的系统的种族主义话语，这种话语常常掺杂在民族主义中。如周口店成为百个爱国主义教育基地之一；《河殇》中通过黑眼睛黑头发黄皮肤的生物学特征与血统的纯洁来塑造中国人的身份；侯德健的《龙的传人》中“黑眼睛黑头发黄皮肤，永永远远是龙的传人”同样将生理特征与图腾崇拜结合乃至成为百首爱国主义歌曲之一；王力宏基于美国出生的身份对《龙的传人》的翻唱与演绎；谢霆锋为庆祝申奥成功创作的《黄种人》所受的热捧等。作为商业策略，这些海外歌星的“爱国朝贡”为种族主义言说和民族主义意识形态相结合提供了捷径。
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